Natural hazards
Technological risks
Human risks
Hazardous substances


CBRNe	Human risks	CBRNE concepts refer to threats or incidents involving Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive substances. This term is often used in the field of security and emergency response. Here is a brief overview of each: Chemicals: Reference to hazardous chemical substances that can be toxic to humans, wildlife or the environment. This can include chemical warfare agents such as sarin gas or chlorine, as well as industrial chemicals. Biological: Involves pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or other micro-organisms) and biological toxins that can cause disease or death in humans, animals or plants. Examples include anthrax, smallpox and the Ebola virus. Radiological: Refers to the dispersal of radiological materials or ionising radiation, which may result from accidents, radiological dispersal devices ("dirty bombs"), or the intentional use of radiological sources to cause harm. Nuclear: Encompasses incidents involving nuclear materials, including nuclear explosions that can release an enormous amount of energy in the form of light, heat, and radiation, causing massive damage and risks of long-term radioactive contamination. Explosives: Includes conventional explosive devices used in acts of terrorism or war. These devices can vary in size and complexity, from grenades to sophisticated bombs. These threats require special preparation and response from governments, law enforcement, emergency services and public health organisations to protect populations and respond effectively in the event of an incident. The information comes from www.centredecrise.be. The recommendations are currently aimed at the general public and are not yet integrated into a structured response scheme for a corporate scenario.
Volcanic eruption - Indonesia	Natural hazards	Volcanic eruptions can have a wide range of consequences, affecting both the immediate environment and much more distant regions. Here are the main consequences of a volcanic eruption Lava flows: Lava flowing from a volcano can destroy everything in its path, burning and burying buildings, forests and farmland. Volcanic ash: Eruptions can spew ash over large areas, potentially causing respiratory problems, contaminating water sources, damaging machinery, and disrupting air traffic. Volcanic gases: The gases released, such as sulphur dioxide, can pollute the air, causing acid rain and affecting human and animal health. Lahars: These are volcanic mudflows, resulting from the mixing of water (for example, from melting ice or heavy rain) and volcanic material. Lahars can be extremely destructive to structures, land and human life. Flaming clouds: These pyroclastic flows are mixtures of hot gases, ash and rock that descend the flanks of the volcano at high speed, destroying everything in their path. Tsunamis: Underwater eruptions or volcano flank collapses can trigger tsunamis, threatening remote coastal areas. Temporary climate change: Particles and gases ejected into the atmosphere can reduce insolation, temporarily lowering global temperatures. For example, the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 led to the "year without a summer". Impact on aviation: Volcanic ash can damage aircraft in flight, leading to airspace closures and major disruptions to air travel. Economic disruption: Eruptions can have a significant economic impact, affecting agriculture, tourism, and requiring high costs for reconstruction and aid to victims. Biodiversity and ecosystems: Ecosystems can be disrupted or destroyed, although, in the long term, volcanic eruptions can also create new habitats and contribute to biodiversity. The severity and extent of these consequences depend on the size of the eruption, the type of volcano, and the population density of the affected areas.

CBRNe

Human risks

CBRNE concepts refer to threats or incidents involving Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive substances. This term is often used in the field of security and emergency response. Here is a brief overview of each:

Chemicals: Reference to hazardous chemical substances that can be toxic to humans, wildlife or the environment. This can include chemical warfare agents such as sarin gas or chlorine, as well as industrial chemicals.

Biological: Involves pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or other micro-organisms) and biological toxins that can cause disease or death in humans, animals or plants. Examples include anthrax, smallpox and the Ebola virus.

Radiological: Refers to the dispersal of radiological materials or ionising radiation, which may result from accidents, radiological dispersal devices ("dirty bombs"), or the intentional use of radiological sources to cause harm.

Nuclear: Encompasses incidents involving nuclear materials, including nuclear explosions that can release an enormous amount of energy in the form of light, heat, and radiation, causing massive damage and risks of long-term radioactive contamination.

Explosives: Includes conventional explosive devices used in acts of terrorism or war. These devices can vary in size and complexity, from grenades to sophisticated bombs.

These threats require special preparation and response from governments, law enforcement, emergency services and public health organisations to protect populations and respond effectively in the event of an incident.

The information comes from www.centredecrise.be.
The recommendations are currently aimed at the general public and are not yet integrated into a structured response scheme for a corporate scenario.

Volcanic eruption - Indonesia

Natural hazards

Volcanic eruptions can have a wide range of consequences, affecting both the immediate environment and much more distant regions. Here are the main consequences of a volcanic eruption

Lava flows: Lava flowing from a volcano can destroy everything in its path, burning and burying buildings, forests and farmland.
Volcanic ash: Eruptions can spew ash over large areas, potentially causing respiratory problems, contaminating water sources, damaging machinery, and disrupting air traffic.
Volcanic gases: The gases released, such as sulphur dioxide, can pollute the air, causing acid rain and affecting human and animal health.
Lahars: These are volcanic mudflows, resulting from the mixing of water (for example, from melting ice or heavy rain) and volcanic material. Lahars can be extremely destructive to structures, land and human life.
Flaming clouds: These pyroclastic flows are mixtures of hot gases, ash and rock that descend the flanks of the volcano at high speed, destroying everything in their path.
Tsunamis: Underwater eruptions or volcano flank collapses can trigger tsunamis, threatening remote coastal areas.
Temporary climate change: Particles and gases ejected into the atmosphere can reduce insolation, temporarily lowering global temperatures. For example, the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 led to the "year without a summer".
Impact on aviation: Volcanic ash can damage aircraft in flight, leading to airspace closures and major disruptions to air travel.
Economic disruption: Eruptions can have a significant economic impact, affecting agriculture, tourism, and requiring high costs for reconstruction and aid to victims.
Biodiversity and ecosystems: Ecosystems can be disrupted or destroyed, although, in the long term, volcanic eruptions can also create new habitats and contribute to biodiversity.

The severity and extent of these consequences depend on the size of the eruption, the type of volcano, and the population density of the affected areas.